Phyllis Sandal (Chemical Engineer)

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The cost factor is only one piece of the puzzle. The bigger issue is uncertainty. Even if startups budget for expensive visas, the random lottery system and frequent policy changes make it nearly impossible to plan. If the U.S. continues to create an unstable environment for international workers, innovation will absolutely shift abroad. Talent will not wait years in limbo when other countries offer clarity and speed. As an entrepreneur, I’d say: higher costs don’t kill ambition, but uncertainty kills confidence. The U.S. risks losing its talent magnet status not just because of money, but because of the unpredictability that comes with immigration policy.