What are the factors affecting soil formation?

Vegetation and animals contribute organic matter and help in mixing soil layers.

Parent rock material determines mineral content, which influences soil color, nutrient availability, and pH.

Soil formation depends on multiple factors, often summarized by the acronym CLORPT: - C: Climate (temperature, rainfall) - O: Organisms (plants, animals, microbes) - R: Relief (topography, slope) - P: Parent material (rock type) - T: Time (duration of soil development)

Climate affects weathering rate and organic matter decomposition, influencing soil texture and fertility.

Topography affects drainage, erosion, and soil depth, while time allows gradual formation of horizons and fertility development.

Human activities like deforestation, agriculture, and mining also alter natural soil formation processes.