Danna Wildman

It's a solid element in the room. It oxidizes at room temperature. It is resistant to passivation.

It is used to protect other metals from oxidation. It is also found in many other types of metal. The cry of tin can be heard when bending a bar of this metal. Under certain thermal conditions it suffers from the tin plague.

Pure tin has two allotropic variants: gray tin, a non-metallic powder, semiconductor, with a cubic structure and stable at temperatures below 13.2 °C, which is very brittle and has a lower specific weight than white; and white tin, normal, metallic, electrically conductive, with a tetragonal structure and stable at temperatures above 13.2 °C.

Tin is a silvery-white metal that is soft and flexible. The tin scream can be heard when a bar of tin is bent.

The lowest in the group is F. The melting point for 11 nm particles drops to 177.3 degrees Celsius.

The white tin, BCT structure, which is stable at and above room temperature, is malleable. In contrast, α-tin (nonmetallic form, or gray tin), which is stable below 13.2 degrees Celsius (55.8 °F), is brittle. α-Tin has a cubic crystal structure similar to that of diamond, silicon, or germanium. α-Tin does not have metallic properties because its atoms form a covalent structure in which electrons cannot move freely.

It is a dull gray, powdery material that has no common uses other than a few specialized Semiconductor applications. Two other allotropes, γ and σ, exist at temperatures above 161 degrees Celsius (321.8 °F) and pressures above several GPa. Under cold conditions, β-tin tends to spontaneously transform into α-tin, a phenomenon known as "tin plague" or "tin disease". Some unverifiable sources say that Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign was so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms broke over time, which is a legend that probably has no background in real events.

Although the α-β transformation temperature is nominally 13.2 degrees Celsius (55.8 °F), impurities (for example, Al, Zn, etc.) reduce the transition temperature well below 0 degrees Celsius (32 0.0 °F) and adding antimony or bismuth may cause the transformation not to occur at all, increasing the durability of the tin.

There is a ninth

The tin grades that are commercially available are resistant to transformation due to the small amounts of silver, lead, and antimony present as impurities. The elements that are alloyed increase their hardness.

Tin forms hard and brittle intermetallic phases very easily. It does not form wide solid solution ranges in other metals, and few elements have solid solubility in tin. Simple eutectic systems include lead, thallium, and zinc.

One of the first superconductors to be studied was Tin, which was found in tin crystals.

Tin can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective layer for other metals. A protective oxide layer (passivation) prevents further oxidation, the same that forms on tin and other tin alloys. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps speed up the chemical reaction.

Tin has the largest number of stable isotopes, with atomic mass of 112, 114 to 120, 122, and 124. The most abundant are 120Sn, 118Sn, and 116Sn, while the least abundant is 115Sn. Even though they have the same mass, odd and even-mass isotopes have different spin rates.

Tin is one of the easiest elements to detect and analyze by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its chemical shifts are referenced against the other elements.

A "magic number" in nuclear physics is believed to be the reason for the large number of stable isotopes. Tin can be found in 31 unstable isotopes, covering all the atomic mass from 99 to 139. All radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

Despite being unstable, Radioactive 100Sn and 132Sn are two nuclides with a "doubly magical" nucleus. The most stable of the 30 metastable isomers is 121mSn with a half-life of 43.9 years.

The different modes of formation in stellar nucleosynthesis can explain the relative differences in the abundances of the stable isotopes of tin.

116Sn up to and including 120Sn form in the s of most stars and are therefore the most common, while 122Sn and 124Sn only form in the r-process in supernovae and are less common. Isotopes 117Sn through 120Sn receive contributions from the r process. The rare, proton-rich isotopes 112Sn, 114Sn, and 115Sn are considered among the p nuclei, whose origins are still poorly understood, because they can't be produced in significant quantities in s or r processes. 115Sn could be partially produced in the process of its formation, both directly and as a daughter of the long-lived 115In. There is a 16

Tin was used in the Near East and the Balkans around 2000 BC. The so-called Bronze Age was caused by the use of C., which was used in copper to make bronze. The rise of intense trade over long distances with areas where there were tin deposits was due to the importance of the new alloy, with which more effective weapons and tools were manufactured than those of stone or bone previously available.

Early bronze objects had a tin or arsenic content of less than 2%, and are therefore believed to be the result of unintentional alloying due to trace metal content in the copper ore. The addition Adding a second metal to copper increases its hardness, lowers the melting temperature, and improves the casting process by producing a more fluid melt that cools to a denser, less spongy metal. This was an important innovation that allowed for the more complex shapes to be cast in closed molds.

Arsenical bronze objects first appear in the Near East, where arsenic is commonly found in association with the ore copper, but the health risks were quickly realized and the search for sources of the far less dangerous tin ores , began in the early Bronze Age. This created demand for the rare metal tin and formed a trade network that linked distant sources of tin with the markets of Bronze Age cultures.

The original source of tin may have been the oxide form of tin, called scysiterite.

Stannite is a less abundant form of tin ores, which requires a more complicated process. The placer deposits of scytherite can be easily seen on the banks of the rivers. It is possible thatluvial deposits were incidentally collected and separated from gold.

Tin can be obtained from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as oxide or tin dioxide. The metal is obtained from the ground and enriched tin dioxide by flotation, roasted and heated with coke, and then put into a furnace to make it.

Tin-based alloys are usually made with copper, antimony, and lead. The mechanical properties of these alloys are different.

Tin, copper, and antimony are antifriction materials because of their low shear strength and reduced adhesion.

Tin and lead alloys are commercialized in various compositions and melting points, the eutectic alloy being that which is 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead, with a melting point of 183 °C. The rest of tin-lead alloys melt in a temperature range in which there is an equilibrium between the solid phase and the liquid phase during the melting and solidification processes, giving rise to the segregation of the solid phase during solidification and, therefore, to different crystal structures. Soft soldering of electronic components using the eutectic alloy reduces the chances of damage due to overheating of the components.

Some tin and lead alloys have small amounts of antimony. The main problem with lead is the potential environmental impact of lead, which is why lead-free alloys are being developed.

Pewter is used for utensils. Tin is also used in dental implants.

China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the state of Minas Gerais are the main tin producers.

Both metallic tin and its organic and inorganic compounds can cause toxic effects on the environment and on living beings.

Tin is released into the environment by natural processes and by human activities, such as mining, oil and coal combustion, as well as industrial activities associated with the production and uses of tin.

When metallic tin is in the atmosphere, it sticks to dust particles which can be moved by wind, rain or snow.

Tin compounds can be formed when metallic tin is released into the environment with chlorine, sulfur, or oxygen. These types of compounds cannot be degraded and can only change their chemical form, so that they can be attached to the soil or dissolved in water.

As you saw above, the first thing you need to know for consuming an API is the API URL, typically called the base URL. The base URL structure is no different from the URLs you use for browsing Google, YouTube, or Facebook, though it usually contains the word api. This is not mandatory, just more of a rule of thumb.

For example, here are the base URLs for a few well-known API players:

As you can see, all of the above start with https://api and include the remaining official domain, such as .twitter.com or .github.com. There’s no specific standard for how the API base URL should look, but it’s quite common for it to mimic this structure.

If you try opening any of the above links, then you’ll notice that most of them will return an error or ask for credentials. That’s because APIs sometimes require authentication steps before you can use them. You’ll learn more about this a bit later in the tutorial.

Next, using the just-introduced TheDogAPI, you’ll try to make a basic request to see how it may differ from the Random User Generator API you tried above:

In this case, when calling the base URL, you get this generic message saying The Dog API. This is because you’re calling the base URL, which is typically used for very basic information about an API, not the real data.

Calling the base URL alone isn’t a lot of fun, but that’s where endpoints come in handy. An endpoint is a part of the URL that specifies what resource you want to fetch. Well-documented APIs usually contain an API reference, which is extremely useful for knowing the exact endpoints and resources an API has and how to use them.

You can check the official documentation to learn more about how to use TheDogAPI and what endpoints are available. In there, you’ll find a /breeds endpoint that you can use to fetch all the available breed resources or objects.

If you scroll down, then you’ll find the Send a Test Request section, where you’ll see a form like the following:

This is something that you’ll see in many API documentations: a way for you to quickly test the API directly from the documentation page. In this case, you can click Send to quickly get the result of calling that endpoint. Et voilà, you just called an API without having to write any code for it.

Now, give it a try in code locally using the breeds endpoint and some of the API knowledge you already have:

There you go, your first breed listing using the dog API!

If you’re a cat person, don’t fret. There’s an API for you, too, with the same endpoint but a different base URL:

I bet you’re already thinking about different ways you can use these APIs to make some cute side project, and that’s the great thing about APIs. Once you start using them, there’s nothing stopping you from turning a hobby or passion into a fun little project.

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Follow these dos and don’ts for managing this condition so you can feel better as fast as possible.

Do drink plenty of fluids. A good rule of thumb is to drink at least 1 cup of liquid every time you have a loose bowel movement. Water, Pedialyte, fruit juices, caffeine-free soda, and salty broths are some good choices. According to the Cleveland Clinic, salt helps slow down the fluid loss, and sugar will help your body absorb the salt.

Don’t consume beverages at extreme temperatures. Consume all liquids at room temperature, or slightly warmed, advises Dr. Ganjhu. “Anything too hot or too cold can cause nausea.”

Do drink herbal tea. There is some research to suggest that products containing certain combinations of herbs may help an upset stomach. One research review cited the potential favorable effects of drinking a chamomile preparation that is combined with other herbs in treating diarrhea.

Don’t consume caffeine, alcohol, or certain sodas. Caffeine and alcohol can irritate the digestive tract and worsen diarrhea, according to the U.S. Library of Medicine. Sodas containing high-fructose corn syrup can also cause trouble when you have an upset stomach. According to a study published in the journal Healthcare, large amounts of fructose can lead to gas, bloating, and diarrhea.

Dilute your water with fruit juice. Water can sometimes be nauseating when you have diarrhea. Ganjhu recommends diluting it with fruit juice, like cranberry or apple juice, to make it easier to tolerate.

Do stick with bland foods. One tried-and-true diet for diarrhea is the BRAT diet: bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. Low in fiber, bland, and starchy, these foods can help replace lost nutrients and firm up your stools. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), you can also try boiled potatoes, crackers, or cooked carrots.

Do eat small meals. Too much food will stimulate your gastrointestinal tract to move even more, says Ganjhu, and possibly worsen the diarrhea. Eating five or six small meals, rather than three large ones, can give your intestines a chance to digest the food more easily.

Don’t eat fried food. Prepare foods like beef, pork, chicken, fish, or turkey by baking or broiling, not frying, which can worsen diarrhea. Cooked eggs are okay, too, according to MedlinePlus.

Do eat when hunger strikes. Listen to your body and don’t force yourself to eat, which can worsen symptoms. Trust your body to tell you when — and how much — it can tolerate, notes Ganjhu.

Don’t eat fruits and vegetables that cause gas. Eating gassy food when you have diarrhea can increase intestinal gas and should be avoided. This includes fruits and vegetables like beans, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and leafy greens and sweet foods like cookies or cakes, per the Mayo Clinic.

Along with knowing what to eat and drink when you’re dealing with gastrointestinal woes, it’s also important to be mindful of other everyday habits to help you deal with diarrhea.

Do wash your hands. Since diarrhea can sometimes be transmitted by person-to-person contact or from contaminated hands, washing your hands after using the bathroom and before you eat or prepare food can help block possible diarrhea-causing pathogens. Handwashing can reduce episodes of diarrhea by about 30 percent, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. To wash properly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends wetting your hands, then applying soap and rubbing them together for at least 20 seconds. Make sure to include the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. Rinse with clean, running water and dry thoroughly. An alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing at least 60 percent alcohol can work, too.

Do know when to call the doctor. Mayo Clinic advises to seek medical help if you have any of the following symptoms: