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Author: Dave Hull, founder and president of PRECISION COMPONENTS, INC

If you are buying Chinese Bearings, You should read this!

I wasn’t around when Leonardo da Vinci sketched the first ball bearing in the 1500s, or even when Germany developed the first high production bearing factories in the 1940s, however, my short 40 years of experience in the bearing industry has taught me a few things, much of which is beneficial to anyone buying bearings, and particularly, Chinese bearings.

In the late 1940s and 50s, bearing manufacturing in the U.S. took off, with a proliferation of many small bearing companies ranging from divisions of General Motors to the Timken Bearing Company and hundreds of others. Growing up in Connecticut, there were dozens in Connecticut alone. But over time, the number of bearing producers in the U.S. began to shrink. Through consolidation, agglomeration and migration from Europe and Japan, only a few very large players now dominate the U.S. and world market.

It was in the 1960s when the Japanese bearing producers started expanding into the North American market, led by a small number of now well-known names in the industry from the multitude of companies making bearings in Japan at that time. While the rest of the world had gone through a massive consolidation process, it wasn’t until the mid-1980s that China’s policy towards privately owned enterprise changed. The Chinese Government identified the bearing industry, and targeted that market by using their resources in an effort to make China a world-class bearing producer. This resulted in thousands of small bearing companies being started and over time the restructure of many of the large state owned companies.

I started selling bearings from China in 1990 and began working directly with China in 1996. By this time the Chinese Government was well on their way to establishing China as a world-class bearing producer. The government had set up bearing industry standards, most of which were patterned after ISO and ABMA standards. Government run research and test facilities spread around China to help producers make quality product. For comparison, in the early 1990s the product I was selling from China was good for luggage wheels, roller skates, and low speed conveyers, but by the late 1990s, electric motor quality bearings were available for medium speed applications like power tools, vacuum cleaner motors, and other consumer products. These thousands of small bearing companies that were born are now just starting the evolutionary cycle, which has already transformed the US, European, and Japanese bearing industries.

I have personally made over 500 visits to Chinese bearing factories over the past 22 years and it is astonishing to me how far China has come from replacing non precision bearings with precision bearings, to making machine tool spindle aircraft quality products. In my earlier years, I was not surprised to visit factories that had dirt floors and conditions that would give an OSHA inspector a heart attack. In recent years, I have visited state of the art manufacturing facilities with real time data collection of ground raceway dimensions automatically fed into a computer with instantly updated manufacturing statistics of every single piece that is ground. Some factories have become fully automated, without a single person touching the finished parts.

The world bearing industry is dominated by multibillion-dollar multinational bearing producers. China on the other hand is dominated by thousands of bearing producers, all ranging in their capabilities. To give you perspective, there are over 2,000 producers in Jiangsu Province alone. It’s not unlikely for one company or purchasing department to be burned by one or even several Chinese companies before becoming completely turned off by all other Chinese product. When I explain this to my clients, my favorite example is a statement made by my international trade attorney: “99% of lawyers give the rest of us a bad name.” Which, unfortunately, is also a great statement when replacing the word ‘lawyers’ with ‘Chinese bearing companies.’ There are world-class producers in China, but the key is finding them.

Size also doesn’t dictate capability. I have visited companies in the $50 million range that only produce a handful of sizes. Some others that only make 608 ball bearings, no other sizes. Also, the bigger bearing companies will generally quote everything on your list of requirements. You need to figure out which ones they make in house and which ones they outsource as well as the consistency of their outsourcing.

China’s come a long way since the 1990s, but still today there are many bearing companies in China that do not understand the mindset of a potential U.S. customer. They assume everyone wants the least expensive product available and so they start out cheap and when the parts do not pass they expect another chance.

Having spent almost 4 months of my life on a plane, and 3 years of compiled time living in China devoting my life to this industry, my recommendations have afforded me a career worth of knowledge that cannot be confined to this article. However, in order to provide some direction, anyone buying bearings should at least adhere to the following when buying from China.

The key to success is identifying your needs and goals. Evaluate the types of bearings you  need. Separate size range, preferably by machine size and volume requirements. Prioritize these groups. Evaluate the dollar potential to see if Chinese bearing companies might be interested, and determine your expectations for savings. Remember, China operates in a mass production mindset. Going to China for small specialized sizes is most likely not in your best interest. This will help make the project feasible. And overall, you must visit the factory. If you don’t travel to China, you are wasting your time. Finally, don’t get discouraged. My original business model, which currently includes two full time offices in Shanghai and Beijing, was to help small to medium size companies save money in China. I believed smaller companies who could not afford the expense of opening offices in China would find benefit from our offered services. Contrary to my original belief, I have spent the majority of my career servicing the needs of Fortune 500 companies who had teams of representatives in China on countless occasions and still came up empty handed. The companies that have succeeded in finding reliable Chinese partners more often than not saved millions of dollars.

The rest of the world has consolidated, however, China is still evolving. If you can navigate your way through the sea of endless suppliers, you will succeed. And if you still don’t believe in Chinese bearings, just remember, unless you haven’t traveled in the last 5 years, you have likely flown on an airplane, ridden in a car, truck, or train with Chinese bearings supporting the most critical components of that vehicle.

Dave Hull is the founder and president of PRECISION COMPONENTS, INC, which for the last 27 years has provided engineered metal products and services to major manufacturers. For information on Mr. Hull, you can read his BIO on www.pcomponents.com.

Facts and Figures are based on research performed by Precision Components Asia

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The Soccer World Cup, also known as the Soccer World Cup, World Cup or simply World Cup, is the main official international men's soccer tournament at the national team level in the world.

The sporting event has been held every four years since 1930, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, when it was suspended due to World War II developments. There are two main stages: a qualification process in which nearly 200 national teams currently participate and a final phase held every four years at a venue defined in advance in which 32 teams participate (48 as of the 2026 edition). The official ball is manufactured by Adidas.

The 2002 Soccer World Cup final was watched by more than one billion people, and is the most important single-discipline sporting event in the world.

It has been held 21 times, in which eight "soccerized countries" -corresponding to the historical world powers and candidates- have lifted the cup: Brazil is the most successful team, with five victories; Germany and Italy follow with four trophies; Argentina, France and Uruguay have won it twice, while England and Spain have been champions once. The European teams have won the title twelve times, while the South Americans have nine. The United States in 1930 and South Korea in 2002 are the only other confederations that have reached the semifinals.

Industrial workers in England were free on Saturday afternoons in the 1850s, and many turned to the new game of football to watch or play. In 1863 the English Football Association was created and, almost a decade later, the first competition between fifteen of the clubs affiliated to the organization until then took place. The first international match dates back to a match played between the teams from England and Scotland in Glasgow on November 30, 1872, while the first international tournament, the British Home Championship, took place in 1884. Until then, matches held between English clubs and Scots were regarded as "world championships", as was the case with the match between Sunderland A.F.C. and Heart of Midlothian F.C. in 1895. It was nothing but until the 1900 Paris Olympic Games that football was introduced as an exhibition sport, an experience repeated in San Luis 1904 and Athens 1906. By then the teams from Uruguay and Argentina had played in Montevideo the first international meeting outside the territory British io.

One of the objectives of the International Federation of Association Football was to organize an alternative international football tournament to the Olympic events. Although his intention was that this new competition would be held in Switzerland from 1906, the initiative did not come to fruition at that time. Even though football was consolidated as an official Olympic sport both in the London 1908 Games as in Stockholm 1912 —in which the English team won the gold medal— the truth is that it was practiced mostly by fans and the public perceived it more as a "show" than as a competition. ​

The merchant of the same name organized a new international competition in 1909 called the Sir Thomas Lipton Tournament.

The English Football Association did not participate in this event, but it is considered to be the first world cup by clubs from Germany, England, Italy and Switzerland. The English team, represented by West Auckland Town F. C., won the tournament in its only two editions, the last one held in 1911. In 1914 FIFA assumed responsibility for organizing the Olympic soccer tournament, which It led to the first intercontinental competition of this sport in Antwerp 1920, where thirteen European teams and Egypt faced each other. The Uruguayan team won the following pair of Olympic jousts, Paris 1924 and Amsterdam 1928.

Jules Rimet, the then president of FIFA, was motivated to restart the idea of producing an independent competition from the Olympics after he experienced the organization of the last Olympic soccer tournaments.

A special commission was appointed in charge of the project after the organization carried out a questionnaire to investigate the opinion of affiliated associations. The congress held in May 1928 formalized the initiative for the world championship. Although Italy, Hungary, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden applied for the right to host the World Cup, it was decided that the team that won the last pair of Olympic jousts would be the one to host it.

The first Soccer World Cup opened on July 13, 1930 at the Centenario Stadium in Uruguay and included the participation of thirteen countries: seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America. Cabe It should be noted that this is the only edition in which a qualifying process was not carried out and, anecdotally, the teams of France and the United States won the first two historical matches of a World Cup, while Lucien Laurent scored the first goal in this type of competition. The final was played on July 30 and Uruguay won the victory after defeating Argentina 4:2.

The World Cup venue for the 1934 Soccer World Cup was chosen by the executive committee of the sport's governing body, and the qualification matches began in June 1933.

Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Romania and the United States were the only teams that had played in the previous World Cup that were selected. It is worth mentioning that the host also had to participate in the qualifying stage to earn a place in the contest. Italy and Czechoslovakia met in the final held on June 10, 1934, which ended with the Italian triumph with a score 2:1. Italy retained the championship in the 1938 Soccer World Cup held in France, after defeating Hungary 4:2 in the last game.

Argentina, Brazil and Nazi Germany presented their candidacies for the 1942 edition, however FIFA suspended this World Cup and the 1946 World Cup due to World War II. The organization held its next congress in 1946 in Luxembourg, where Brazil and Switzerland were chosen as hosts of the 1950 and 1954 World Cups. Likewise, the name of the trophy awarded to the winning team of the competition was changed to the Jules Rimet Cup, in homage to the president of the eponymous FIFA responsible for the creation of the Soccer World Cup. The 1950 edition saw the inclusion of the four English soccer federations after having rejected previous invitations due to a number of factors, including which include their rejection of what they perceived as "excessive foreign influence" in football. This event was commemorated with a match, described as "the game of the century" by the press, between the England team rra and a European team made up of soccer players from France, Switzerland, Ireland, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark. After the World Cup in the previous decade, the profits from this match were allocated to the organization's "financial recovery".

In the 1950 World Cup, a change in the format of the competition resulted in the victory of the team that had defeated the leaders of the four groups in the final match. They were the favorites to win the cup, which is why they have been referred to as the "Maracanazo", alluding to the stadium where the game was played.

The 1954 edition, held in Switzerland, again featured West Germany after their exclusion from the 1950 World Cup due to the country's role during World War II. The Hungarian "golden team" was the favorite to win the tournament after reaching a thirty-two game winning streak that year, however the German team emerged victorious with a score of 3:2 in the final held on July 4, 1954, a event popularly referred to as the "miracle of Bern" in reference to the city where the match took place. It is worth mentioning that it was the first time that a World Cup was broadcast on television . Additionally, Hungary (27) broke a record as the national team with the most goals scored in a World Cup, which has remained in force since then.

Sweden was chosen as the venue for the 1958 tournament at a congress held by FIFA in Rio de Janeiro in 1950. The Brazil team, with Pelé as their top scorer with six goals in the tournament, was crowned as the champion after defeating the Swedish hosts 5: 2 in the final, with what became the first time that an organizing country lost its World Cup. With thirteen goals scored in this edition, Just Fontaine leads from then the list of scorers in a World Cup. The Brazilians repeated as champions in the 1962 Cup that took place in Chile, with a score of 3:1 against Czechoslovakia in the final held at the National Stadium. Cabe It should be mentioned that this was also the first time that FIFA authorized the broadcast of a musical theme to promote the soccer event —"The Rock of the World Cup" by The Ramblers—

The England 1966 tournament introduced a mascot that, from then on, would represent a typical trait of the host country, and in this case a lion with a garment decorated with the flag of the United Kingdom was chosen and was baptized as the World Cup Willie. Additionally, it was the first World Cup with doping controls and the ban on player naturalization. The English team won the victory by defeating the West German team 4:2 in the final played at the old Wembley Stadium. This match became the last to be broadcast in black and white.

The 1970 Soccer World Cup in Mexico was the first time that the tournament was held outside of South America or Europe, and marked a milestone in the history of the World Cup.

Due to the variable altitude of the cities in which the games were to be played—Toluca and Guadalajara had the most contrasting latitudes, at 2,660 m s. no. m. and 1500 ms. no. m., respectively—, most of the teams arrived at the venues well in advance of their matches in order to acclimatize. The predominance of a more offensive style of play in the matches, unlike of previous editions; ​ the introduction of yellow and red cards to mark fouls; ​ the quality of certain matches such as Italy and Federal Germany in the semifinals, that would be considered by the press as "The Game of the Century"; ​ and the lineup of Brazil, champion of the tournament, with players like Pelé, Carlos Alberto, Clodoaldo, Gérson, Jairzinho, Rivelino and Tostão, classified as the best in the history of the World Cups; ​ led to this World Cup being considered one of the best in the history of FIFA. ​

FIFA established a new competition system for the 1974 Soccer World Cup, held in West Germany, which included a second group phase made up of the two best teams from each initial group, whose winners —the hosts and the Netherlands in this case- met in the final with a favorable result for the Germans, which would mean their second world title. Although this system only lasted until the 1982 tournament, the new trophy designed by Silvio Gazzaniga, replacing Jules Rimet, has prevailed since then. Despite the inherent difficulty of the qualifying process - fourteen places for a total of 95 applicants, without taking into account the previous champion and the host - and the 1976 coup, Argentina hosted the 1978 Soccer World Cup, which they won 3:1 against the Netherlands in the final at the Antonio Vespuci Monumental Stadium. ​

Italy won the title in the 1982 edition of Spain after defeating West German. For this event, the number of participants was increased —from 16 to 24 places—, and featured the first penalty shootout in the history of this sporting event. Mexico became the first nation to historically host more than one World Cup by being chosen to host the 1986 Soccer World Cup, after Colombia was dismissed for financial reasons. The qualification system eliminated the second group stage and instead , incorporated a knockout phase. The Argentines, led by Diego Maradona, lifted the trophy for the second time by defeating Federal Germany 3:2 in the final held at the Azteca Stadium. It should be added that this The edition was marked by a couple of Maradona-related events: the "hand of God" goal and the "goal of the century", both scored in the quarterfinal match against England.

The teams of Argentina and West Germany faced off in the final of the 1990 Soccer World Cup in Italy.

However, this time the Germans were victorious with a 1:0 result. The matches in this tournament are considered to be the "lowest quality" in FIFA history, which led to the introduction of a series of changes in the 1994 United States tournament, such as the hand penalty, and the awarding of three points to the winner of each match, unlike the two that they were awarded in past editions, with the aim of "stimulating offensive football". It was one of the most successful editions of the game, with a total audience of more than 3.6 million viewers. It was the first time that the names of the players were on the jerseys, and the game was played in an indoor stadium.

France won the 1998 World Cup with a score of 3:0 against Brazil. Some innovations of this edition included the increase to 32 places for participating teams; the introduction of the golden goal as a classification criterion in the knockout round; and the use of an electronic display to display the additional minutes that would have to be played at the end of a match's regulation period. The 2002 South Korea/Japan tournament became the first to be co-hosted by more than one team. country, in addition to being the first time it was held in the Asian continent. In the last game in which it faced Germany, Brazil won with a score of 2:0.

The 2006 Soccer World Cup, held in Germany, featured a series of events called "Fan Fest" whose purpose was for "soccer supporters to meet, meet, interact and participate in cultural activities" while watching the matches on giant screens installed in twelve of the host cities. Italy won its fourth trophy after beating France in a penalty shootout in the final played at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin. On the other hand , Spain won its first cup in the 2010 South Africa edition, which marked a milestone by being the first European champion of a World Cup held on another continent. The match was held in South Africa.

Brazil hosted a World Cup for the second time by hosting the 2014 tournament, which is considered by various media as one of the best in soccer history. Similar to Italy in 2006, the Germans won their fourth cup after defeating Argentina 1:0 in the final, a result reminiscent of what happened in the 1990 cup. For the first time in the history of the tournament, all the teams affiliated with FIFA had the opportunity to qualify for the 2018 Soccer World Cup held in Russia. The final was played between France and Croatia, and ended with the victory of the French with a score of 4:2, which meant his second championship.

The 2022 Soccer World Cup will be held for the first time on Arab territory, specifically in Qatar and, due to the high summer temperatures in the place, it will be the first time that the tournament will be held in November and December. For the next edition of the event, which will take place in different venues in Canada, the United States and Mexico in 2026, the quota of qualified teams was increased to 48.

The selection process for the Soccer World Cup has changed over the years.

In the past, it was possible to pick a country from South America, Europe or North America. When Japan and South Korea became the first Asian nations to host the tournament in 2002, it was the first time more than one country was chosen to host the event.

Typically the process begins about a decade before the relevant competition as long as the host, once chosen by the FIFA congress, has enough time to "plan, develop and build the stadiums and infrastructure . . . necessary] to welcome the fans, the players and their teams." The countries interested in holding the Soccer World Cup must present their candidacy in a "bid book", which is a document that contains the plans and strategies of the countries. The budget, health system, and labor legislation are included in the book.

Candidates need to include maps with the location of the cities and stadiums where the games would be played, as well as other buildings.

Each item in the offer books is weighed using an interval of zero to five points on a numerical scale, which is used to pick the finalist. Once this is done, the executive committee will meet to vote on the candidate they want.

If there is a tie between two or more options, new rounds of voting are carried out in which the candidacies with the least amount of support are rejected. The winning option needs at least a dozen votes. In most cases, only one candidacy has persisted until the voting round, since the rest of the contenders have chosen to decline their proposals due to different circumstances. . Prior to the start of the tournament, FIFA establishes an "integrity working group" to coordinate the holding of seminars on security issues during the tournament.

Until 2022, only Italy (1934 and 1990), France (1938 and 1998), Brazil (1950 and 2014), Mexico (1970 and 1986) and Germany (1974 and 2006) have organized two Soccer World Cups, while Uruguay (1930 ), Italy (1934), England (1966), West Germany (1974), Argentina (1978) and France (1998) are the only ones to have won the contest organized by themselves. The 2002 World Cup was the only one in which two countries co-organized it.

The United States, Canada and Mexico will host the soccer World Cup in 2026, making them the first countries to organize more than two World Cup.

The host of the Soccer World Cup has to comply with a number of requirements. Stadium construction and/or renovation costs represent one of the highest costs in the budget – in comparative terms, South Africa invested USD 1.3 billion in this area, while Russia spent USD 3.8 billion, for the 2010 and 2018 editions respectively. —. The points applicable to stadiums are published in a document entitled FIFA Stadium Requirements Handbook.

Infrastructure requirements include the following:

The budget allocated by FIFA to hold a World Cup may vary; for the 2002 tournament, it disbursed USD 955 million, of which it set aside just over half for the local organizing committees and the prizes for the finalist teams. A couple of decades later this spending had increased to USD 1.7 billion for the 2022 edition; 26% was invested in the prizes for the finalists; 19% to operating expenses, which include transfers to the matches, tickets issued, hospitality services and communications, among others; and the rest was distributed in other areas such as television coverage, labor, and event marketing.

The costs of organizing the Soccer World Cup for each host are listed.

The issuance of tickets for the Soccer World Cup is a product of the marketing, branding and iconography rights that are owned by FIFA. Each of the associations and partners associated with the world's most popular soccer league obtains a license for the use of the trademark for the purposes of distribution and promotion of the event.

Posters were produced to promote the first World Cups; the design of the one corresponding to the 1930 Cup was carried out by the Uruguayan Guillermo Laborde. Another characteristic element is the soccer ball, which from the 1970 edition —with the Adidas Telstar model— began to be produced by Adidas. ​

FIFA's commercial partners for the marketing of the Soccer World Cup include companies such as Adidas, The Coca-Cola Company, Wanda Group, Hyundai Motor Group, Visa Inc. and Qatar Airways. There are also other companies that have commercial ties with certain national teams and players, as is the case with Nike.

The final round of the Soccer World Cup is considered to be the event itself. The number of participants in this final round has varied over the years: 16 participants until 1978 (with the exception of the 1930 and 1950 World Cups with 13 participants each, and the one in 1938 with 15), 24 between 1982 and 1994 , 32 since 1998, and finally there will be 48 as of 2026.

Since 1934, the qualification phase has been played. The national teams that wish to participate in the tournament face off in a series of games. To do this, the football associations that run these teams must be full members of both of the six continental confederations that currently exist.

Each confederation organizes a system for electing their representatives. The number of representatives from each confederation is previously defined by FIFA through the delivery of quotas, some of which are full equivalent to a team in the final phase and others are shared, in which a team must define its classification according to the final round against a representative of another confederation in a process generally called repechage, repechage or play-offs.

For the World Cup in Russia, the distribution of places was established by the world governing body.

The team of the country organizing the tournament has had the right to add quota since the beginning of the tournament. The champion teams of the previous tournament have the right to automatic classification, but they must currently participate in the qualification process.

The team that will be crowned the best in the world has been determined by various competition systems.

There is a general pattern of establishing two rounds in the competition, with the exception of 1934 and 1938, in which a single knockout format was used.

Due to the withdrawal of some competitors, the teams are divided into groups of four, with two combined. For this, the organizing committee carries out a prior draw in which the best teams are established as seeding teams and tries to avoid teams from the same confederation facing each other during the first round, with the exception of UEFA teams that due to their greater number, it is impossible for them all to be separated.

The teams face each other in a home run.

Each team gets 3 points for victory, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for loss, based on their results. The teams are ordered by their score. There are other tie-breaking criteria that can be used in the event that there are two or more teams with the same score.

The criteria allow for determining which teams qualify for the second round. When the number of participants is a power of two, the two best teams in the group can qualify, but when this is not the case, some of the best third parties can.

In the second round, different classification mechanisms were used. A knockout system with round of 16, quarterfinals, semifinals, third and fourth place contests, and the final, correspond to most of these.

Some tournaments, however, made a new group table to determine the finalists (1974, 1978 and 1982); only in the 1950 tournament, the title was determined through a group system between the four semifinalists, however, the result of the various meetings made the last match the one that defined the champion, so it can be commonly considered like the end.

First round matches cannot end in a draw. If the teams that face each other finish regulation time equal in number of goals, an extension of two periods of fifteen minutes each is carried out. A penalty shootout of five shots is carried out until there is a team that is able to win.

The main results of the final phase of the Soccer World Cup can be found in this table.

There are 24 teams that have been in the top four of the tournament.

The tournament in which the team was from is indicated in italics.

The world cups have been shared by the two confederations.

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