Ahishor Sands

Here are the learning targets and the glossary for this topic.

The “aim” of a research study simply refers to what it intends to find out. In experiments, this usually involves investigating the cause and effect relationship between two variables. These two variables we call in an experiment the independent variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV).

The DV is what is being measured. It is the effect in other words.

The IV is what is being manipulated by the researcher. In other words, it is the factor that changes in the different conditions of the experiment.

The aim of an experiment, therefore, is usually to investigate the effect of the IV on the DV.

Example 1:

Researchers wanted to find out if the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine would influence rats’ memories. They divided the rats into three groups and gave each group a different injection. One group received an injection that increased the level of acetylcholine in the brain, a second received an injection that decreased the level and the third group received no injection (control group).

Therefore, the IV was the injection the rats were given that would change the level of aceytlcholine in the brain.

They measured the effects of acetylcholine on their memory by training them how to run through a maze and then timing their performance and counting their mistakes after the injections. So the DV was the level of acetylcholine in the brain and the DV was the ability to navigate through a maze.

So the aim of this research study could be stated as “To investigate the effects of acetylcholine on rats’ procedural memory of running through a maze.”

Operational Variables

It is important that a research knows exactly what their independent and dependent variables are. Thus, they need to have operational definitions.  Here is some more information on operationalisation of variables.

Hypotheses (HL)

Research hypothesis—H1

The research hypothesis must be a clear, concise prediction of what is expected to be demonstrated in the experiment.

This must be operationalized: it must be evident how the variables will be quantified, and may be either one- or two-tailed (directional or non-directional). It’s imperative your research hypothesis is formulated based on your background research. This is the mistake that most students make. It should be clear in your introduction how you came to formulate your hypotheses.

Null hypothesis—H0

The null hypothesis states that no significant difference is expected to be found between the groups on the measure of the dependent variable, and that any difference found is due to chance. This will become important later on when you apply the inferential statistics to your data. The purpose of a null hypothesis is to test whether or not the results you got were in fact from the manipulation of the variables, or if it was just by chance.

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