What is aim in psychology?

Here are the learning targets and the glossary for this topic.

The “aim” of a research study simply refers to what it intends to find out. In experiments, this usually involves investigating the cause and effect relationship between two variables. These two variables we call in an experiment the independent variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV).

The DV is what is being measured. It is the effect in other words.

The IV is what is being manipulated by the researcher. In other words, it is the factor that changes in the different conditions of the experiment.

The aim of an experiment, therefore, is usually to investigate the effect of the IV on the DV.

Example 1:

Researchers wanted to find out if the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine would influence rats’ memories. They divided the rats into three groups and gave each group a different injection. One group received an injection that increased the level of acetylcholine in the brain, a second received an injection that decreased the level and the third group received no injection (control group).

Therefore, the IV was the injection the rats were given that would change the level of aceytlcholine in the brain.

They measured the effects of acetylcholine on their memory by training them how to run through a maze and then timing their performance and counting their mistakes after the injections. So the DV was the level of acetylcholine in the brain and the DV was the ability to navigate through a maze.

So the aim of this research study could be stated as “To investigate the effects of acetylcholine on rats’ procedural memory of running through a maze.”

Operational Variables

It is important that a research knows exactly what their independent and dependent variables are. Thus, they need to have operational definitions.  Here is some more information on operationalisation of variables.

Hypotheses (HL)

Research hypothesis—H1

The research hypothesis must be a clear, concise prediction of what is expected to be demonstrated in the experiment.

This must be operationalized: it must be evident how the variables will be quantified, and may be either one- or two-tailed (directional or non-directional). It’s imperative your research hypothesis is formulated based on your background research. This is the mistake that most students make. It should be clear in your introduction how you came to formulate your hypotheses.

Null hypothesis—H0

The null hypothesis states that no significant difference is expected to be found between the groups on the measure of the dependent variable, and that any difference found is due to chance. This will become important later on when you apply the inferential statistics to your data. The purpose of a null hypothesis is to test whether or not the results you got were in fact from the manipulation of the variables, or if it was just by chance.

The aim of an investigation, driven by a theory to explain a given observation, states the intent of the study in general terms. Continuing the above example, the consequent aim might be “to investigate the effect of having a training partner on athletes’ motivation levels”.

The theory attempting to explain an observation will help to inform hypotheses - predictions of an investigation’s outcome that make specific reference to the independent variables (IVs) manipulated and dependent variables (DVs) measured by the researchers.

There are two types of hypothesis:

H1 – The Research Hypothesis

This predicts a statistically significant effect of an IV on a DV (i.e. an experiment), or a significant relationship between variables (i.e. a correlation study), e.g.

The research hypothesis will be directional (one-tailed) if theory or existing evidence argues a particular ‘direction’ of the predicted results, as demonstrated in the two hypothesis examples above.

Non-directional (two-tailed) research hypotheses do not predict a direction, so here would simply predict “a significant difference” between questionnaire scores in athletes who train alone and with a training partner (in an experiment), or “a significant relationship” between questionnaire scores and number of training partners (in a correlation study).

An aim identifies the purpose of the investigation. It is a straightforward expression of what the researcher is trying to find out from conducting an investigation.

Psychology is considered a science because it uses the same scientific approach as other sciences, such as astronomy or chemistry, to help us understand human behavior.

Similar to other branches of science, psychology aims to achieve a set of goals in research and practice:

The first goal of psychology is to describe behavior. This goal asks “What is happening?” or “What is this individual doing?”

This goal allows researchers to collect information and then describe, name, and/or classify what they see. By thoroughly describing a phenomenon or behavior, psychologists can distinguish between typical and atypical behaviors. Describing is the starting point of making sense of things.

To achieve the describing goal, researchers can use various approaches, including natural observation, surveys, case studies, and self-reporting tests.

As an example, one study observed children’s and teens’ Internet habits, identified their usage patterns, and observed whether the kids shared this information with their parents.

The researchers found that the children and teens spent an average of 3.1 hours a day surfing the web. They also observed that the kids were reluctant to tell their parents what they’d searched for on the Internet.

Once behaviors have been thoroughly documented and described down to the smallest detail, the researchers can use that information as a starting point for explaining it.

After the behavior has been thoroughly described, the next goal is to explain it. Explaining the behavior involves an attempt to understand how and why the behavior occurs.

The goal of explaining helps determine why we behave or react in certain ways, or how certain stimuli might affect our mental health, personalities, or relationships. For instance, why do we listen to music or read books? Are our personalities mostly the result of nurture or nature? What causes a person to risk his life for another?

A 2022 study looked at children’s sharing behaviors and examined whether certain cognitive skills might make sharing more likely. The researchers found that a child’s counting skills were in fact the single biggest predictor of fair sharing behaviors.

So not only did the researchers observe children’s sharing skills, but they also explained why some children may have shared more than others — because, with their counting skills, they were essentially able to count out the items for themselves and their peers.

The third goal of psychology is prediction. Once psychologists have described a certain behavior and explained why it happens, they can better predict how and when it might occur again.

The goal of prediction asks “When might this behavior occur again in the future?” or “What would happen if I responded this way?”

Researchers can use the data they’ve collected from prior studies to predict when, why, and how certain behaviors will happen in the future. Through prediction, psychologists can better understand the underlying causes of our actions.

For instance, we generally understand that alcohol can make some people more aggressive. With this information, we might predict that there are more fights at alcohol-serving bars compared to coffee shops. Researchers might take this hypothesis and conduct a study to see if it’s true.

Successful prediction is important to the final goal in psychology: modifying behavior.

The fourth goal of psychology is to modify behaviors that may be harmful, unproductive, or interfere with daily functioning.

The goal of change asks “How can I stop this habit?” Or “What can I do to be a more generous person?”

Psychotherapy is an example of this goal in action. In cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), for example, you identify and change negative and harmful thinking patterns.

This final goal can help bring about positive changes in life, such as decreasing addictive behaviors, reducing depressive symptoms, or improving communication.

The aim of an investigation, driven by a theory to explain a given observation, states the intent of the study in general terms. Continuing the above example, the consequent aim might be “to investigate the effect of having a training partner on athletes’ motivation levels”.

The theory attempting to explain an observation will help to inform hypotheses - predictions of an investigation’s outcome that make specific reference to the independent variables (IVs) manipulated and dependent variables (DVs) measured by the researchers.

There are two types of hypothesis:

H1 – The Research Hypothesis

This predicts a statistically significant effect of an IV on a DV (i.e. an experiment), or a significant relationship between variables (i.e. a correlation study), e.g.

The research hypothesis will be directional (one-tailed) if theory or existing evidence argues a particular ‘direction’ of the predicted results, as demonstrated in the two hypothesis examples above.

Non-directional (two-tailed) research hypotheses do not predict a direction, so here would simply predict “a significant difference” between questionnaire scores in athletes who train alone and with a training partner (in an experiment), or “a significant relationship” between questionnaire scores and number of training partners (in a correlation study).

Analyzing minds and personalities is a common practice, but to what end does it often lead? To be more precise, what are the four goals of psychology? In a general sense, they are to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes. Each of these goals represents a different focus that psychologists can take when studying a phenomenon.

For example, if a psychologist is interested in understanding why people behave the way they do, he or she would use the goal of description. If the psychologist wants to go one step further and explain why people behave the way they do, he or she would use explanation as the goal.

The goals of prediction and control are self-explanatory; psychologists who want to predict future behavior or change current behavior use these goals. All four goals are important in psychological research, and each provides valuable insight into human behavior.

This article answers the question, “What are the goals of psychology?” We will present how psychology is, like other disciplines, grounded on empirical research (empirical research meaning), analysis, and the interpretation and dissemination of its key findings. In addition, we will tackle the goals of psychology with examples that learners can relate to.

Before we explain the goals of psychology, we should know what the discipline is all about. By definition, psychology is a broad and diverse field that deals with the scientific study of mind and behavior. It is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses many subfields, such as human development, cognitive processes, personalities, and social behavior. The subject aims to understand how biological processes, environmental factors, and social pressures affect how individuals think, act, and feel (“What you should know about psychology,” 2005).

In practical applications, psychology can be used in as varied disciplines as there is a human activity involved, be it in styling a responsive web design for a particular audience set, crafting instructions on how to create watermarks in PowerPoint or applying geographic techniques and methods in one’s career.

Historical records provide strong evidence that psychology has existed since the ancient civilizations of Greece and Egypt. Originally considered as a branch of philosophy, psychology broke out as an independent branch of scientific study early in the 1870s.

The earliest studies of psychology revolved around two dominant theoretical approaches—structuralism and functionalism.

Structuralism refers to the branch of psychology that deals with the structure of the mind and consciousness, whereas functionalism argues that the main aim of psychology is understanding the mind and consciousness (“What is psychology?,” n.d.).

Essentially, psychology is a field of science that explains why people act as they do. The American Psychological Association defines psychology as “the study of the mind, how it works, and how it affects behavior.” It embraces all aspects of human experience—from brain functions to the differences in social behavior across races and nations (“Psychology’s three great branches,” 2013).

Through the help of various case studies, observations, and surveys, psychology provides deeper insights into the thoughts, feelings, actions, and goals of individuals. Some of the modern applications of psychology and goals of psychological research revolve around providing people with the necessary knowledge and medication to handle psychological perils that people face in their everyday lives.

In most industries, however, knowledge of psychology can be used to better understand the motivation behind people’s thoughts and actions. While a large part of psychology is devoted to the treatment and diagnosis of mental health issues, it is also commonly applied in a wide variety of fields and industries, from marketing and politics to education and criminal justice.

Aside from healthcare services, psychologists work in a wide variety of fields, including the educational and business sectors. A degree in psychology offers a plethora of career opportunities for qualified professionals. In fact, the industries with the highest levels for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists are found in elementary and middle schools, offices of health practitioners, and individual and family services (“Psychology careers,” 2019).

Now that the discipline has been defined, what are its aims and why are the 4 goals of psychology important?

Psychology is devoted to understanding an individual’s emotions, personality, and mind through a series of scientific studies, observations, experiments, and research. Like every other subject, the study of psychology aims to achieve a specific set of goals. Basically, there are four primary aims of psychology: to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior (Coon, Mitterer, 2013).

The first goal of psychology is to describe the actual phenomenon in which humans and animals behave in different situations. By describing a problem, an issue, or behavior, psychologists can distinguish between normal and abnormal behavior, allowing them to gain a better understanding and a more accurate perspective of human and animal behavior, thoughts, and actions.

To achieve this goal, psychologists use a variety of research methods, including surveys, case studies, natural observation, and self-assessment tests. Through these scientific methods, behavior can be described in minute details and as objectively as possible. Once the action has been described, the information gathered is used as basis to further study the behavior that just occurred.

Once a specific behavior has been described, psychologists then attempt to go beyond the obvious and explain why people act the way they do. Through a series of rigorous tests, scientific experiments, and observations, psychology expounds on the reason behind someone’s actions. Explaining behavior provides answers to why people behave the way they do under different circumstances.

Throughout the history of psychology, many theories have been formulated to explain all aspects of human behavior. While some are classified as mini theories (those that focus on minor aspects of human thoughts and action), a large part of psychological studies revolves around the grand theories that encompass intricate details to explain everything about human psychology.

Some of the well-known theories that explain all aspects of human psychology include Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning, which refers to a learning procedure where two kinds of biologically potent stimuli are linked together to produce a newly acquired learning response from an animal or a person.

According to John Watson, the American psychologist who popularized the behaviorism theory, Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory explains that everything about human behavior—from speech to emotional responses—is simply patterns of stimulus and response (“Classical conditioning,” 2007).

Making predictions based on how people previously thought and acted is one of the primary goals of social psychology. By analyzing past observed behavior, psychological studies aim to predict and anticipate how a certain behavior will appear again in the future. This allows psychologists to form a pattern of behavior and better understand the underlying causes of people’s actions.

By analyzing qualitative data consisting of thought and action patterns, psychologists and researchers can accurately make guesses about human behavior without necessarily understanding the mechanisms behind a certain phenomenon (“How the goals of psychology,” n.d.). For instance, when qualitative data reveals that certain scores in aptitude tests predict student dropout rates, the information can be used to estimate the number of students who might leave school each year.

Successfully predicting behavior is important to the last and most important goal in psychology, which is to control or change behavior.

Aside from treating mental illnesses and enhancing well-being, changing or controlling human behavior is one of the primary goals of research in psychology (“How the goals of psychology,” n.d.). Various psychological studies about human behavior are used to influence, change, or control behavior using previously gathered data about human behavior.

In psychology, there are a number of theories that deal with changing or controlling people’s behavior. Some of these widely known theories include the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, diffusion of innovation theory, social cognitive theory, the transtheoretical model, and the social norms theory.

Whether behavior can be successfully changed or controlled largely depends on one’s ability to accurately define a behavioral issue, assess the fundamental causes of these problems, and develop and implement theory and evidence-based interventions.

Human behavior is the raw data of psychology and psychologists use and observe it to study how the mind works. Since Wilhem Wundt—a German psychologist who’s considered as one of the founders of modern psychology, established the first experimental psychology lab in Leipzig in 1879—scholars have uncovered an enormous amount of information that revolves around the relationship between the brain, mind, and behavior.

Today, psychology is used to better understand why and how people act in various social contexts. Below is a list of how it affects people’s everyday lives and how the four psychology goals apply:

Flawed communication is a major source of clandestine stress and, in most cases, leads to relationship distress and demise. With conversational styles and relationship patterns varying from one person to another, communication tends to differ for every individual who each speaks a “different language” according to their level of assertiveness, directness, and compassion (“What is the importance of communication,” 2019).

According to a report by Virtual Speech Coach (“Virtual speech coach,” n.d.), effective communication relies heavily on three essential factors: spoken words, nonverbal cues, and tone of voice. Since psychology makes it easier to understand what is going on in a person’s mind, it helps people comprehend and interpret an individual’s gestures and actions, making communication easier for different kinds of people.

For many, the purpose of psychology is to play a major role in fostering and strengthening relationships. With most relationships being formed between people who share a similarity in terms of sociodemographics (age, social class, occupational background, etc.), psychology offers a better explanation of how people act toward others in an interpersonal context. By providing a deeper level of understanding of the factors that affect people’s relationships, psychology can be used to form strategies for relational maintenance (“Psychology of building relationships,” 2019).

Much of the human resources department of every company is heavily centered around psychological principles. Backed by scientific studies about human behavior, psychologists continue to find new ways to improve productivity in the workplace, identify training and development needs, or implement company policies to help organizations find and retain top talents (“Psychologists, helping businesses,” n.d.).

Psychology provides helpful insights into other people’s behaviors and the influences and motivations behind their actions. Empathy, a broad concept that refers to the emotional and cognitive reactions of individuals, is an ongoing area of interest for neuroscientists and psychologists in many fields, and it is defined as understanding what another person is going through by imagining oneself in the same scenario⁴ (“Psychology of emotional,” n.d.).

Self-esteem refers to a person’s overall sense of personal value or self-worth. In psychology, self-esteem is often an important factor affecting an individual’s success or failure. Too little self-esteem usually leads to a person becoming more likely to feel defeated and depressed, whereas a person with a grandiose sense of self-importance can be off-putting or can exhibit signs of a narcissistic personality disorder.

As cited in one Forbes report (Zenger, 2018), a Zenger Folkman research revealed that women tend to have higher self-confidence as they age compared to men’s confidence levels over time. This shows that although women constantly worry more about being disliked, having unattractive looks, grabbing too much attention, outshining others, men are not exempt from having doubts and insecurities about themselves.

Self-esteem levels at either end of the spectrum can be harmful and potentially damage personal relationships. Thus, the study of psychology helps people know more about themselves and their personalities, allowing them to discover and build on their strengths and weaknesses as an individual.

To sum up, the four major objectives of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and change or control behaviors. These goals are the foundation of most theories and studies in an attempt to understand the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes that people face in their daily lives.

While psychology is a broad field of scientific study, it is not that hard to see the importance it brings to various aspects of human society. By providing deeper knowledge as to how human thoughts and actions are related to biology, mental processes, social relationships, and interactions, psychology helps facilitate peak human performance, enabling individuals to make healthy lifestyle choices or overcome the obstacles that inhibit them from making smarter decisions.