Shobha Kaushalraj

Beneath the earth's crust there is a large and deep region made up of molten materials that make up magma, which is sometimes projected outward with great intensity through volcanoes.

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The name magma comes from the fusion of silicates that contain gases and dispersed solid minerals and other compounds that make up the rocks found at temperatures between 700 and 1200oC.

When it is inside the earth, it is called magma and lava.

Due to the conditions to which they are subjected (high pressures and high temperatures), magmatic materials show properties that do not correspond to those of the solid state and neither do they correspond to those of a liquid or fluid state, according to the general principles of physics, so in A magma can be distinguished three phases: There is a person The molten phase contains mostly SiO4 and AlO5 as well as metal ion.

There is a person The gas phase is when gases are contained under pressure. Minor amounts of O2, HCl, Hf, S, SO2N2, Ar, and H2BO3 are included in the water vapor. There is a person

The solid phase is formed by minerals that have already crystallised at the temperature at which magma is found or remains of unmelted rock.

There are different types of rocks in suspension in the magma, as well as carbonates, sulfides, and different dissolved volatile components. The characteristics of the magma are determined by the interaction of the various physical conditions.

There are three systems that can produce magma on the planet. There is a person

The temperature is rising. By the amount of radioactive elements or the amount of plates. There is a

The pressure dropped. The melting point is lowered. There is a person The addition of water.

If the rock contains water, it will melt sooner.

A rock is made up of a set of minerals, each of which has a characteristic melting point, so a rock does not have a single melting point but a temperature range in which the rock is melting in parts. Between the point at which a solid rock begins to melt and the end of that melting, the rock is partially molten.

The different types of magmas are classified based on their silica content. Those with less than 60% of anhydride are called basic, while those with more than 60% are called acids.

The initial temperature of an intrusion is controlled by the composition of the basic magmas, which are dark and hotter than acid or felsic.

Depending on the state of the gas they contain, the following can be distinguished: hypomagma or deep magma, is not saturated with gases because these are in solution because the external pressure is higher than the vapor pressure of the magma; the pyromagma, which is supersaturated with gases, since they constitute a phase in the form of bubbles because the external pressure is lower than the vapor pressure; and the epimagma or degassed magma, of which only molten minerals are a part (the gases escape from the rest of the magma due to the low external pressure).

When the epimagma is projected to the outside through the weakest points of the earth's crust, the magma masses give rise to volcanoes and form, by cooling, magmatic rocks, also called igneous or eruptive rocks, whose degree of crystallization is variable, and between where granite, basalt or porphyry are found.

The rise of magmas depends on the physical-chemical conditions of the region where they are found and on the rocks that they have to cross. Acid magmas are light and easy to form large deposits.

The basic magmas are more difficult to rise from than the previous ones.

Most of the magmas are housed in a shallow magma chamber where they undergo a series of processes that change their composition. Primary and secondary magmas are formed by fusion of the rocks of the earth's crust or mantle and they are both called primary magmas.

The process of fractional crystallization occurs when a magma cools and begins to form in it, beginning with those of the minerals that have higher melting points.

The melting interval is what magmas are made of, not a defined melting point. One can't speak of crystallization temperature, but of its interval. There is a

magmatic crystallization is a process of crystallization. Magma originates when in a place in the crust or upper mantle the temperature reaches a point at which the minerals with the lowest melting point begin to melt (start of partial melting of the rocks), however, the melting temperature It does not depend only on the type of rock, but also on other factors such as the pressure at which it is found or the presence or absence of water.

The melting temperature of the rocks tends to increase with depth because of the increase in pressure. The melting point is lowered by the presence of water.

The magma rises because it is less dense than the rocks surrounding it. During the ascent, it cools and begins to crystallize, forming minerals of increasingly lower temperature, according to a fixed and ordered sequence known as the Bowen crystallization series, which refers to two large lines of crystallization, one of which indicates the order in which silicates rich in iron and magnesium (called ferromagnesians) are formed, also known as a discontinuous series because the crystals formed are replaced by others with a different and more complex structure as the temperature drops, and the other crystallization series is that of Plagioclase is called a continuum because the minerals formed successively have the same structure and only the relative proportion of sodium and calcium changes. At the end of crystallization, along with the plagioclase and micas, are formed.

The word MINERALS is used.

Magmatic differentiation is when magma can melt portions of the enclosing rock and change its composition. Sometimes, as the crystallization of a magma occurs, if the difference in density between the already formed minerals and the residual liquid is high and if the viscosity of the latter is low, the newly formed crystals can be isolated from the rest of the magma, which will therefore be progressively enriched in silica, if the process continues, a series of igneous rocks of different composition will be obtained from a single magma, by fractional crystallization this process is called magmatic differentiation, and can cause formation of acid rocks from basic or intermediate magmas.

The mixture of two magmas of different origins can also occur, as occurs more often, of an already differentiated magma and a primary magma from the same source.

The phases of magmatic crystallization.

The cooling of a magma inside the crust gives rise to a series of successive phases of crystallization at lower temperatures. The orthomagmatic phase occurs above 700 C, depending on the composition of the rest of the physical conditions. Most of the magma forms rocks.

The pegmatite phase takes place between 700 and 550 oC and is enriched in volatiles, which is why it is introduced through cracks where it comes from. The minerals that are formed are rich in silicates, such as albite, and in elements such as boron and fluorine.

In the third phase, called pneumatolytic, which takes place between approximately 550 and 375 °C, the crystallization residue is basically made up of volatiles, which penetrate the casing rocks and give rise to veins formed by minerals such as muscovite, quartz , topaz, metal oxides and sulfides, etc. Likewise, the volatiles act on the minerals of the igneous rocks or of the casing, transforming them.

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