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Historians have concluded that the ORU migrated in ancient times using the waterways and rivers connecting the Nile Valley with the inland sea of Lake Chad and the Niger river systems. This land migration marks the Ijaw as descendants of the ORU, the aboriginal people of West Africa and the region of Niger/Benue.

There is archaeological evidence that the Ijaw settled the Niger Delta, or southwest coastal region of Nigeria, by 800 BCE. The timeline that the archaeological excavations provide offers about 3,000 years of evidence of Ijaw history and presence in the Niger Delta.

Agadagba-bou, the first ancient Ijaw city-state, existed for more than 400 years, lasting until 1050 CE. Due to internal conflict and violent weather patterns, this city-state was abandoned. Some of the descendants of this city-state created another in the 11th century called Isoma-bou, which lasted until the 16th century. This city-state, like the last, was founded in the Central Delta Wilberforce Island region. The Wilberforce Island region remains the most Ijaw-populated state of Nigeria.

Previously, the Ijaw economy was predominantly supported by fishing, and each clustered group claimed a specific culture and autonomy from the others. After contact with European merchants around 1500 CE, communities began trading in enslaved people and palm oil. Traders who amassed wealth within this business market found themselves parading power over the government. Each trader purchased as many enslaved people as possible, valuing ability over genetic relation as most enslaved people's families were split apart and not valued for their rich culture and heritage. Because an able enslaved person could inherit the business of a trader with no heir, it was possible to have (non-Ijaw) leaders who had been born into slavery, such as Chief Jaja of Opobo.

The Ijaw did not use writing to pass on their history as Europeans did; instead, they shared their histories and cultures orally through generational storytelling and rituals. Due to not having written records, the records found about or from the Ijaw are post-colonization. When the English demanded claim to the lands of the Ijaw (now known as Nigeria) in the 19th century, Christian missionaries entered southern Nigeria and exposed the Ijaw and other indigenous tribes to Christian ways, including religion and how to read and write with a Latin alphabet. By the mid-20th century, the tribes of modern-day Nigeria were proficient in English and began writing down their histories.

The Ijaw people, as well as other tribes throughout Nigeria, have struggled to keep their ancestral homes safe from the corruption and wars that often come with powerful natural resources, such as petroleum reserves. The Niger Delta has many valuable oil reserves that are frequently the source of war between the oil companies stealing precious resources and the tribes losing their lives and ancestral sacred spaces. Over time, the Ogoni, another tribe in Nigeria, and the Ijaw fought each another and eventually the petroleum companies to procure the few benefits afforded to them.

The following is a timeline of key challenges and conflicts that the Ijaw have faced.

The Ijaw people are river and waterway dwellers on the delta of the Niger River in southwestern Nigeria. Each Ijaw group clusters around the Niger Delta outlets and forms villages. The Ijaw social structure is comprised of elders and, often, priests who run the villages. Their economy is predominantly supported by fishing, palm oil collecting, and ancestral flood land agricultural techniques. Because fishing is so integral to their economy, many Ijaw can be seen throughout Nigeria by the coastline and waterways, much like their ancestors who migrated following their catches.

The ancestors of the Ijaw understood that the floodplains experienced floodings that brought nutrients to the lands, forming a basin of fertile soil ready for crops. In this nutrient-rich soil, they farmed crops, such as cassava, other root crops, melons, paddy rice, cocoa, coffee, cashews, palm oil, and groundnuts. In the 1960s, groundnuts were a significant export for Nigeria, a massive food producer at the time.

Unique prints on fabric wrapped at the waist, handmade shell-beaded caps, and other accessories are standard fashion features in the Ijaw traditional attire. Intricately detailed clothing was usually finished with different bright colors and patterns that, in older times, held a strong representation of the caste system in society.

In wet regions, homes are built on stilts over the swamps, and travel is done by canoe. Houses are usually made from bamboo, wood, and palm branches. Homes made from these natural materials have good ventilation, allowing smoke from cooking to escape quickly. Housing is split by gender, with women and men living in different buildings. In dry lands, shanty homes are built. More people live in dry areas than in coastal wetland regions.

1. Use slappasswd to create the SSHA encrypted password for a new password:
2. Open the /opt/apigee/data/apigee-openldap/slapd.d/cn=config/olcDatabase={2}bdb.ldif file in an editor:
3. Find the line in the form:
4. Replace OldPasswordString with the string returned from slappasswd.

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