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C++ supports a number of strings and characters, and provides ways to express their values. A character set is used to express the content of character and stringliterals. Universal character names and escape characters allow you to express any string with just the basic set of source code characters. A raw stringliteral allows you to escape and can be used to express all types of stringliterals. You can create std::stringliterals without the need for construction or conversion steps.

String literals have no prefixes or are prefixed with u8, L, u, and U to denote narrow characters (single or multibyte), UTF-8, wide characters (UCS-2 or UTF-16), UTF-16, and UTF encodings. -32, respectively. The raw equivalents of theseEncodings can be added to a raw string. You can use stringliterals or raw stringliterals with an s suffix to create temporary or static std:: string values. The string literals section has more information. For more information about the basic source code character set, universal character names, and the use of characters for extended code pages in source code, see Character set.

A character is made up of a single character. The character is represented by quotes. There are five different types of character.

Any character can be used for a character, except reserved characters such as backslash, single quote, or newline.

The characters can be reserved using an escape sequence. Universal character names can be used if the type is large enough to hold the character.

Depending on their prefix, characterliterals are different.

Simple, Octal and hexadecimal are the three types of escape sequences. Escape sequences can be any of the values.

An escape sequence is a sequence of one to three digits. If the sequence occurs before the third digit, it ends at the first character that is not an Octal digit.

The highest possible value is 377.

A backslash is followed by a character x and then a sequence of one or more digits. The leading zeros are ignored. The maximum value is 0xFF in a narrow character. The maximum value is 0xFFFF in a wide-character literal.

The maximum value is 0xFFFFFFFF in a wide-characterliteral.

Some examples of escaping characters are shown in this sample code. The escape sequence is valid for other character types.

The backslash character is a continuation character when placed at the end of the line.

If you want a backslash character to appear as a character, you have to type two backslashes in a row. Phases of Translation contains more information about the line continuation character.

The character or sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes can be converted to eight-bit values by the compiler. The corresponding characters of the pad are used from higher to lower order. The usual rules are followed when the target type is converted.

The low-order byte is used to create char values. The low-order word is used to create a wchar_t or char16_t value.

If any of the bits are above the allocatedbyte or word, the result will be truncated.

An escape sequence that appears to contain more than three digits is treated as a 3-digit sequence, followed by subsequent digits as characters in a multi characterliteral, which can give surprising results. For example,

Escape sequences that appear to contain non-octal characters are evaluated as an Octal sequence up to the last Octal character, followed by the remaining characters as subsequent characters in a multi characterliteral. If the first non-octal character is a digit, there is a warning.

For example,

The Octal escape sequence with a value greater than 377 is too large for a character.

An escape sequence that appears to have both hexadecimal and non-hexadecimal characters is evaluated to a multicharacterliteral containing a hexadecimal escape sequence up to the last hexadecimal character, followed by the nonhexadecimal characters.

A hexadecimal escape sequence that does not have any hexadecimal digits causes a compiler error.

The value is taken from the first character if the wide-characterliteral has a sequence of multiple characters. The behavior seen in the equivalent multicharacterliteral is ignored.

The Microsoft section ends here.

Any character can be represented by a universal character name.

Universal character names can be formed with a u prefix followed by an eight-digit Unicode code point or with a four-digit code point. All of the digits must be present to form a universal character name.

Values in the surrogate code point range of D800 through DFFF are not possible with universal characters.

The universal character name is the eight-digit code point for the character. If necessary, the compiler will generate a surrogate pair.

The language only allowed a subset of characters to be represented by their universal character names, and some of them did not actually represent valid characters. The bug was fixed in the standard.

Universal character names can be used in both character and string literals. Universal character names can be found in Character sets.

For more information about the alphabet, see the alphabet. For more information on surrogate pairs, see the book.

A string is a sequence of characters that are null-terminated. The characters must be enclosed in quotes. There are some types of stringliterals.

A null-terminated array of type const char is a narrow string. The double quote, backslash, and new line character can be found in a narrow string. Universal character names that fit in onebyte can be found in a narrow string.

A null-terminated array of type const char is a double-quoted, null-terminated array of type uc8 which is a UTF-8 string. A string with a double quote can have any graphic character except the backslash.

It can also contain the escape sequence and any universal character.

The 8-bit portable char8_t is a character type. The char8_t characters or strings are specified in the C++20 code.

A wide string is a null-terminated array of wchar_t constant values that have no graphic character except for a double quote. It can also contain the escape sequence and universal character names.

The portable character types char16_t and char32_t are included in C++.

A raw string literal is a null-terminated array (of any character type) that contains any graphic character, including the double quote ("), backslash (\), or newline character. raw string are often used in regular expressions that use character classes, and in HTML and XML strings.For examples, see the following article: Bjarne Stroustrup's C++11 FAQ.

A user-defined sequence of up to 16 characters precedes the opening parenthesis of a raw string, and immediately follows its closing parenthesis.

The string content is Hello and the delimiter sequence is aBC. A string that has double quotes and parentheses can be disambiguated with a delimiter.

But a separator solved it.

You can use a raw string to create a new line in your code.

The std::stringliterals are standard library implementations of user-definedliterals that are represented as " s suffix". This type of string is used to create a temporary object of sorts. std::string is generated when there is no prefix used. L"xyz"s and U"xyz"s both produce a std::u16 string.

The suffix can be used on raw stringliterals.

The string> file contains the std::stringliterals. std::literals are treated as belonging to the std namespace since they are both declared as inline.

The number of characters plus one is the size of a string in single-byte formats.

The size is not related to the number of characters for other string types. If you use char16_t or wchar_t, you can use two elements for a total of four bytes to convert a single code unit. This example shows the size of a wide string.

Note that strlen() and wcslen() do not include the size of the terminating null character, whose size is equal to the size of the element of type string: one byte in a string of char* or char8_t*, two bytes in strings wchar_t* or char16_t* and four bytes in strings of char32_t*.

The maximum length of a string is 65,535 bytes in versions prior to the current version of the program.

The limit applies to both narrow and wide stringliterals. The string length is limited by available resources in version 17.0 and later, and this restriction is removed.

Always list the author's surname before listing his or her initials . You only need to provide initials for the first and middle names, but do include initials for all middle names provided by the source. Include a comma after every last name and in-between different authors' names.