What is meant by allangadi?

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 1 Historical Background of Commerce in the Sub-Continent Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1. The place where the goods are sold is ……………… a) Angadi b) Market . c) Nalangadi d) Allangadi Answer: a) Angadi

Question 2. Hindrance of place is removed by ………………………. a) Transport b) Warehouse c) Salesman d) Insurance Answer: a) Transport

Question 3. Who wrote “Arthasasthra”? a) Kautilya b) Chanakiya c) Thiruvalluvar d) Elangovadiga Answer: a) Kautilya

Question 4. Trade and Commerce was common to …………………….. Dynasty. a) pallava b) Chola c) Panidya d) Chera Answer: c) Panidya

Question 5. …………………….. was first sultan who paved way in the dense forest and helped traders to move from one market place to others place for their commercial caravans. a) Balban b) Vascoda Gama c) Akbar d) Alauddin Khilij Answer: a) Balban

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. What is meant by the Barter system? Answer: Goods were exchanged for goods prior to the invention of money.

Question 2. What is meant by Nallangadi? Answer: According to St.Poet Ilango, in Silapathigaram, a Day Market was called Nalangadi.

Question 3. What is meant by Allangadi? Answer: The night market was called Allangadi according to Saint Poet Ilango in Silapathigaram, Madurai-Kanchi.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Explain the meaning of the term “Vanigam”. Answer: The word vaniyam or vanipam would have had a Dravidian origin. The early Tamils produced their products and goods in their lands and bartered their surplus and that is how the trade came into existence. The word ‘Vanigam is used in Sangam literature like Purananuru and Thirukkural.

Question 2. State the meaning of Maruvurapakkam and Pattinapakkam. Answer: Big cities like Poompuhar had the ‘Maruvurappakam’ (inland town) and ‘Pattinapakkam’ (coastal town), had markets and bazaars where many merchants met one another for the purpose of selling or buying different kinds of commodities and foodstuff.

Question 3. What is the role of Sangam in trade development of ancient Tamilnadu? Answer: Trade in Sangam period was both internal and external. It was conducted by means of barter (Pandamattru). Honey, roots, fruits, cattle and paddy served as a medium of exchange for certain period. Sangam work refers to great traders, their caravans, their security force, markets, marts and guilds of such traders. There was dependence and interdependence among the people in matters of trade and commerce. Coins were used later for the purpose of exchange of goods.

Question 4. What are the ports developed by Pandiya kingdom? Answer: Port towns like Tondi, Korkai, Puhar, and Muziri were always seen as busy with marts and markets with activities related to imports and exports. In such a brisk trade, people of the coastal region engaged themselves in coastal trade and developed their intercontinental trade contacts.

Question 5. What was focused in Arthasasthra about creation of wealth? Answer: Kautilya’s Arthasasthra describes the economy in Mauriyan time. Kautilya gave importance to the state in relation to treasury, taxation,  industry, commerce, agriculture, and conservation of natural resources. Arthasastra focused on the creation of wealth as the means to promote the well-being of the state. It advocated the maintenance of a perfect balance between the state government and people’s welfare through trading activities.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1. What are the hindrances of business? Answer: Hindrances of business:

Question 2. State the constraints in the barter system. Answer: The barter system visualises mutual exchange of one’s goods to another without the intervention of money as a medium of exchange. It imposes certain constraints in the smooth flow of trade as given below.

Question 3. Explain the development of Commerce and Trade in North India. Answer: India was prosperous even during the medieval period from the 12th to 16th centuries despite political upheavals. Balban was the first sultan who paved the way in the dense forest and helped traders and their commercial caravans to move from one marketplace to another. Allauddin Khilji brought the price to a very low ebb. He encouraged the import of foreign goods from Persia and subsidized the goods.

Arabs were dominant players in India’s foreign trade. They never discouraged Indian traders like Tamils, Gujaratis, etc. The trade between the coastal ports was in the hands and Marwaris and Gujaratis, The overland trade with central and west Asia was in the hands of Multanis who were Hindus, and Khurasanis who were Afghans, Iranians, and so on.

Question 4. Briefly explain the coastal trade in ancient Tamilnadu. Answer: People of the coastal region engaged themselves in coastal trade and developed their intercontinental trade contacts. Big cities like Poompuhar had ‘Maruvurappakkam’(inland town) and ‘Pattinapakkam’(coastal Town), had markets and bazaars where many merchants met one another for the purpose of selling or buying different commodities and foodstuff. Port towns like Tondi, Korkai, Puhar, and Muziri were involved in imports and exports.

People were engaged in different kinds of fishing pearls, and conches and produced salts, and built ships. Boats like ‘Padagu’,’Thimil’,’Thoni’,’Ambu’, ‘Odampunai’ etc. were used to cross rivers for domestic trade while Kalam, Marakalam, Vangam, Navaietc were used for crossing oceans for foreign trade.

Question 5. What do you know about the overseas trading partners of ancient Tamilnadu? Answer: Foreigners who transacted business were known as Yavanars. Arabs who traded with Tamil were called ‘Jonagar’. Pattinappalai praised Kaveripumpattinam as a city where various foreigners of high civilization speaking different languages assembled to transact business with the support of the then Kingdom.

Many ports were developed during the Sangam period. Kaveripumpattinam was the chief port of the Kingdom of Cholas while Nagapattinam, Marakannam, Arikamedu, etc., were other small ports on the east coast. Similarly, Pandiyas developed Korkai, Saliyur, Kayal, Marungaurpattinam, and Kumari for foreign trade. The State Governments installed check posts to collect customs along the highways and the ports.

I Choose the correct answer

Question 1. …………….. is part and parcel of human life. (a) Commerce (b) Banking (c) Insurance (d) Warehousing Answer: (a) Commerce

Question 2. Most of the inland trade in the Sangam period was done in, ………………………………. as a medium of exchange under barter mode. a) Salt b) Coin c) Milk d) Gold Answer: a) Salt

Question 3. Commerce activities are heading for a cashless system through …………….. (a) e-commerce (b) banking (c) insurance (d) warehousing Answer: (a) e-commerce

Question 4. The night market was called………………………….. a) Nalangadi b) Angadi c) Iravu Santhai d) Allangadi Answer: d) Allangadi

Question 5. Day market was called as …………….. (a) Nalangadi (b) Angadi (c) Business (d) Trade Answer: (a) Nalangadi

Question 6. Foreigners who transacted business were known as ……………….. a) Jonagar b) Sellers c) Yavanars d) Merchants Answer: c) Yavanars

Question 7. Which is called a sleepless city? (a) Chennai (a) Allangadi (c) Tuticorin (d) Salem Answer: (a) Allangadi

Question 8. ………………………………. was the first sultan who paved in the dense forest and helped traders. a) AlauddinKhilji b) Balban c) Suleiman I d) Abdulaziz I Answer: c) Suleiman I

Question 9. Boats like …………….. were used for crossing oceans for foreign trade. (a) Vangam (b) Thimil (c) Ambu (d) Thoni Answer: (a) Vangam

Question 10. The hindrance of the place is removed by means of ………………. a) Warehouse b) Transport c) Exchange of money d) Insurance Answer: b) Transport

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. What is the cashless system? Answer: Commerce activities are heading for a cashless system through e-commerce which means business activities enabled through electronic modes like Online trading, Mobile banking, and e-marketing.

Question 2. What do you mean by “Angadi”? Answer: The place where the goods were sold was called “ Angadi”.

Question 3. Which city was called sleepless city? Answer: Madurai was called a sleepless city due to round-the-clock business activities.

Question 4. What was advocated by Kautilya in Arthasasthra with regard to trade? Answer: In Arthasasthra Kautilya advocated the maintenance of perfect balance between State management and people’s welfare through trading activities.

Question 5. What type of boats were used to cross oceans for foreign trade? Answer: Boats like ‘Kalam’, ‘Marakalam’, ‘Vangam’, ‘Navai’, etc., were used for crossing oceans for foreign trade.

Question 6. Which are all considered the important trade centres in the 16th century? Answer: In 16th Century Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Sonar, Sonargoon. Jaunpur and Lahore were considered as important trade centres.

Question 7. What was the role of the state in trade? Answer: The role of the state in trade related to two aspects namely adequate infrastructure to sustain the trade and administrative machinery for taxation.

Question 8. With whom Cholas had a strong trading relationship? Answer: Cholas had a strong trading relationship with the Chinese Song Dynasty.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1. How has the commerce activities emerged how? Answer: The whole of commerce activity has emerged from the barter system into a multi-dimensional and multifaceted scientific system consisting of courses like Monetary system, Mail order business, Hire purchase system, Instalment purchase system and so on.

Question 2. What are all the conditions under Barter System worked on? Answer:

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1. How did the ancient Tamil country trade with Rome, China, and Europe? Answer: Roman and Greek traders frequented the ancient Tamil country and forged trade relationships with ancient Kings of Pandiya, Chola, and Chera dynasties. Cholas had a strong trading relationship with the Chinese Song Dynasty. The Cholas conquered the Sri Vijaya Empire of Indonesia and Malaysia to secure a sea trading route to China. During the 16th and 18th centuries, India’s overseas trade expanded due to trading with European companies. The discovery of new all sea routes from Europe to India via the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco da Gama had a far-reaching impact on the civilized world. The arrival of the Portuguese in India was followed by the advent of other European communities. They gained a strong foothold in India’s maritime trade by virtue of their strong naval power.

What is meant by Allangadi? Answer: According to St. Poet Ilango, in Silapathigaram, a Night Market was called Allangadi.

I. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1. The place where the goods are sold is …………… (a) Angadi (b) Market (c) Nalangadi (d) Allangadi Answer: (a) Angadi

Question 2. Hindrance of place is removed by …………… (a) Transport (b) Warehouse (c) Salesman (d) Insurance Answer: (a) Transport

Question 3. Who wrote “Arthasasthra”? (a) Kautilya (b) Chanakiya (c) Thiruvalluvar (d) Elangovadigal Answer: (a) Kautilya

Question 4. Trade and Commerce was common to …………… Dynasty. (a) Pallava (b) Chola (c) Pandiya (d) Chera Answer: (c) Pandiya

Question 5. …………… was first sultan who paved way in the dense forest and helped traders to move from one market place to others place for their commercial caravans. (a) Balban (b) Vasco da Gama (c) Akbar (d) Alauddin Khilji Answer: (a) Balban

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. What is meant by Barter system? Answer: Barter is a system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange such as money.

Question 2. What is meant by Nalangadi? Answer: The place where the goods were sold was called ‘Angadi’ in the Pandiya period. Day market was called as Nalangadi.

Question 3. What is meant by Allangadi? Answer: According to St.Poet Ilango, in Silapathigaram, a Night Market was called Allangadi.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Explain the meaning of the term “Vanigam”. Answer: The word ‘Vanigam’ has been widely used in Sangam literature like Purananuru and Thirukkural. The earliest trading population of India was the Indus valley people, who used the word ‘trade’. The word vaniyam or vanipam would have had a Dravidian origin.

Question 2. State the meaning of Maruvurapakkam and Pattinapakkam. Answer: Big city like Poompuhar had the ‘Maruvurappakam’ (inland town) and ‘Pattinapakkam’ (Coastal Town), had markets and bazaars where many merchants met one another for the purpose of selling or buying different kinds of commodities and food stuff. These places were always seen as busy with marts and markets with activities related to imports and exports.

Question 3. What is the role of Sangam in the trade development of ancient Tamil Nadu? Answer: Sangam work refers to great traders, their caravans, security force, markets, marts, and guilds of such great traders.

Question 4. What are the ports developed by the Pandiya kingdom? Answer: Tondi, Korkai, puhar, and Muziri were the port towns developed in the Padiya Kingdom. People were engaged in different kinds of fishing pearls and conches and produced salts and built ships. Various check posts were installed to collect customs along the highways and the ports. Korkai, Saliyur, Kayal, Marunguar Pattinam, and Kumari are some of the important Ports.

Question 5. What was focused in Arthasasthra about the creation of wealth? Answer: Arthasasthra focused on the creation of wealth as the means to promote the well-being of the state. Kautilya advocated the maintenance of a perfect balance between State management and people’s welfare through trading activities.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1. What are the hindrances of business? Answer:

Question 2. State the constraints in barter system. Answer: 1. Lack of double coincidence of Wants: Unless two persons who have surplus have the demand for the goods possessed by each other, baiter could not materialize. If this “coincidence of wants” does not exist, Barter cannot take place.

2. Non – existence of common measure of value: Barter system could not determine the value of commodities to be exchanged as they lacked commonly acceptable measures to evaluate each and every commodity.

3. Lack of direct contact between producer and consumers: It was not possible for buyers and sellers to meet face to face in many contexts for exchanging the commodities for commodities.

4. Lack of surplus stock: Absence of surplus stock was one of the impediments in barter system. If the buyers and sellers do not have a surplus then no barter was possible.

Question 3. Explain the development of Commerce and Trade in North India. Answer: India was prosperous during the medieval period from the 12th to 16th centuries Balban was the first sultan who paved the way in the dense forest and helped traders and their commercial caravans to move from one place to others. AlauddinKhilji encouraged the import of foreign goods from Persia and subsidized the goods. Arabs were the dominant players in India’s trade. The trade between central and west Asia was in the hands of Multanis who were Hindus and Khurasanis who were Afghans, Iranians, and so on.

India’s handicraft commanded a good foreign market. Indian products were exported to East Africa, Malaya, China, and the Far East. The traders of Malabar, Gujarat, and foreign settlers in the ports of Calicut, Khumbat, and Mangalore controlled a major business sector in port cities. India conducted foreign trade via a land route with Quetta, Khyber pass, Iraq, and Bukhara.

Question 4. Briefly explain the coastal trade in ancient Tamil Nadu. Answer: Big cities like Poompuhar had the ‘Maruvurappakam’ (inland town) and ‘Pattinapakkam’ (coastal town), had market and bazaars where many merchants met one another for the purpose of selling or buying different kinds of commodities and foodstuff. Port towns like Tondi, Korkai, Puhar, and Muziri were always seen as busy with marts and markets with activities related to imports and exports. In such a brisk trade, people of the coastal region engaged themselves in coastal trade and developed their intercontinental trade contacts.

They were engaged in different kinds of fishing pearls, and conches and produced salts and built ships. Boats like ‘Padagu’, ‘Thimil’, ‘Thoni’, ‘Ambu’, ‘Odampunai’, etc., were used to cross rivers for domestic trade while ‘Kalam’, ‘Marakalam’, ‘Vangam’, ‘Navai’, etc., were used for crossing oceans for foreign trade.

Question 5. What do you know about the overseas trading partners of ancient Tamil Nadu? Answer: Many merchants met one another for the purpose of selling or buying different kinds of commodities and foodstuff. Port towns like Tondi, Korkai, Puhar, and Muziri were involved in imports and exports. People were engaged in different kinds of fishing pearls, and conches and produced salts, and built ships. Kalam, Marakalam, Vangam, Navai, etc. were used for crossing oceans for foreign trade.

Besides the state transport, the infrastructure for shipping such as ports, lighthouse, warehouse etc. was expanded to promote overseas trade. Kaveripattinam was the chief port of the Kingdom of Cholas. The state governments installed check posts to collect customs along the highways and the ports. Cholas had a strong trading relationship with the Chinese Song Dynasty. During 16th & 18th centuries, India’s overseas trade expanded due to trading with European Companies.

I. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1. …………….. is part and parcel of human life. (a) Commerce (b) Banking (c) Insurance (d) Warehousing Answer: (a) Commerce

Question 2. …………….. means exchange of goods for goods. (a) Insurance (b) Money (c) Barter System (d) Transport Answer: (c) Barter System

Question 3. Commerce activities are heading for a cashless system through …………….. (a) e-commerce (b) banking (c) insurance (d) warehousing Answer: (a) e-commerce

Question 4. …………….. in Sangam period was both internal and external. (a) Sales (b) Education (c) Industry (d) Trade Answer: (d) Trade

Question 5. Day market was called as …………….. (a) Nalangadi (b) Angadi (c) Business (d) Trade Answer: (a) Nalangadi

Question 6. The night market was called as …………….. (a) Allangadi (b) Street store (c) Shop (d) Maligai Answer: (a) Allangadi

Question 7. Which is called a sleepless city? (a) Chennai (a) Allangadi (c) Tuticorin (d) Salem Answer: (a) Allangadi

Question 8. Boats like …………….. were used to cross rivers for domestic trade. (a) Fishings (b) Kalam (c) Marakalam (d) Thimil Answer: (d) Thimil

Question 9. Boats like …………….. were used for crossing oceans for foreign trade. (a) Vangam (b) Thimil (c) Ambu (d) Thoni Answer: (a) Vangam

Question 10. …………….. was the chief port of the Kingdom of Cholas. (a) Marakannam (b) Arikamedu (c) Kayal (d) Kaveripumpattinam Answer: (d) Kaveripumpattinam

Question 11. …………….. Who advocated the maintenance of perfect balance between State management and people’s welfare through trading activities. (a) Kautilya (b) Pandiya (c) Hebrew (d) Chola Answer: (a) Kautilya

Question 12. The profit margin allowed for traders ranged from 5% for indigenous goods and …………….. for imported goods. (a) 10% (b) 5% (c) 15% (d) 20% Answer: (a) 10%

Question 13. Who encouraged the import of foreign goods from Persia and subsidized the goods? (a) Balban (b) Sultan (c) Alauddin Khilji (d) Kautilya Answer: (c) Alauddin Khilji

Question 14. Which one helps in announcing the arrival of new products and their uses to the people? (a) Advertising (b) Banking (c) Trade (d) Transport Answer: (a) Advertising

Question 15. …………….. functions as a medium of exchange. (a) Transport (b) Banking (c) Money (d) Warehousing Answer: (c) Money

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. What is the cashless system? Answer: Commerce activities are heading for a cashless system through e-commerce which means business activities enabled through electronic modes like Online trading, Mobile banking, and e-marketing.

Question 2. What is ‘Angadi’? Answer: The place where the goods were sold was called ‘Angadi’ in Pandiya Dynasty.

Question 3. Which city was called sleepless city? Answer: Madurai was called a sleepless city due to round – the – clock business activities.

Question 4. What type of boats were used to cross rivers for domestic trade? Answer: Boats like ‘Padgu’, ‘Thimil’, ‘Thom’, ‘Ambu’ ‘Odampunai’, etc., were used to cross rivers for domestic trade.

Question 5. What type of boats were used to cross oceans for foreign trade? Answer: Boats like ‘Kalam’, ‘Marakalam’, ‘Vangam’, ‘Navai’, etc., were used for crossing oceans for foreign trade.

Question 6. How were the foreigners called in Ancient Tamil Nadu? Answer: Foreigners who transacted business were known as ‘yavanars’.

Question 7. What was the role of the state in trade? Answer: The role of the state in trade related to two aspects namely adequate infrastructure to sustain the trade and administrative machinery for taxation.

Question 8. What was advocated by Kautilya? Answer: Kautilya advocated the maintenance of a perfect balance between State management and people’s welfare through trading activities.

Question 9. With whom Cholas had a strong trading relationship? Answer: Cholas had a strong trading relationship with the Chinese Song Dynasty.

Question 10. What are the constraints of the Barter System? (any two) Answer:

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1. How has the commerce activities emerged how? Answer: The whole of commerce activity has emerged from barter system into a multidimensional and multifaceted scientific system consisting of courses like Monetary system, Mail order business, Hire purchase system, Instalment purchase system and so on.

Question 2. What is the course of commercial activities in today’s technology-driven society? Answer: In a technology-driven society today again the course of commercial activities is heading for a cashless system through e-commerce which means business activities enabled through electronic modes like Online trading, Mobile banking and e-marketing.

Question 3. What were the constraints in the barter system? (Any three) Answer: 1. Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants: Unless two persons who have surplus have the demand for the goods possessed by each other, barter could not materialize. If this “coincidence of wants” does not exist, barter cannot take place.

2. Non – existence of Common Measure of Value: The barter system could not determine the value of commodities to be exchanged as they lacked commonly acceptable measures to evaluate each and every commodity.

3. Lack of Direct Contact between Producer and Consumers: It was not possible for buyers and sellers to meet face to face in many contexts for exchanging the commodities for commodities.

Question 4. Write any three hindrances of commerce. Answer: 1. Hindrance of Person: Manufacturers do not know the place and face of the consumers. The chain of middlemen consisting of wholesalers, agents, and retailers establish the link between the producers and consumers.